The Role of Theory in Developing Research Frameworks

The world of research is vast and intricate, much like a complex tapestry woven from countless threads of knowledge. At the heart of this tapestry lies the theoretical framework, a guiding structure that shapes how researchers approach their studies. But what exactly is a theoretical framework, and why is it so pivotal in the research process? Think of it as a roadmap that not only outlines the journey ahead but also helps researchers navigate through the maze of data collection, analysis, and interpretation of findings.

Theoretical frameworks provide a solid foundation for research by offering a structured approach to understanding phenomena. They help researchers articulate their assumptions and guide the research process effectively. Without a well-defined framework, a study can easily lose direction, leading to confusion and unreliable results. In essence, theory acts as a compass, steering researchers toward their objectives while ensuring that their methodologies are grounded in established knowledge.

Moreover, theoretical frameworks are not just abstract concepts; they are dynamic tools that evolve alongside the research. As new data emerges and insights are gained, researchers may find themselves refining their frameworks to better align with their findings. This adaptability is crucial in a world where knowledge is constantly expanding and changing. The interplay between theory and research design ultimately contributes to the validity and reliability of research findings, making it essential for researchers to thoughtfully consider their theoretical underpinnings.

In the following sections, we will explore the different types of theories that researchers can employ, the importance of literature reviews in identifying relevant frameworks, and the challenges that may arise when applying theory in research. By understanding these elements, researchers can better navigate their studies and contribute meaningful knowledge to their fields.

Theoretical frameworks provide a foundation for research by offering a structured approach to understanding phenomena. They help researchers articulate their assumptions and guide the research process effectively.

Different types of theories, such as descriptive, explanatory, and predictive theories, play distinct roles in research. Understanding these types helps researchers choose the appropriate framework for their studies.

Descriptive theories offer insights into the characteristics and behaviors of phenomena without delving into causation. They serve as a starting point for further investigation and hypothesis development.

Explanatory theories aim to clarify the relationships between variables, providing a deeper understanding of causation. They are crucial for developing comprehensive research questions and hypotheses.

Predictive theories focus on forecasting outcomes based on existing data. They are essential for applied research, enabling researchers to make informed predictions about future events or behaviors.

Theory guides the research design by helping researchers define variables, select appropriate methodologies, and develop instruments for data collection, ensuring that the study is grounded in established knowledge.

A thorough literature review is essential for identifying existing theories and frameworks relevant to the research topic. It helps researchers position their work within the broader academic discourse.

Literature reviews often reveal gaps in existing research, allowing scholars to develop theoretical frameworks that address these voids and contribute new knowledge to the field.

Researchers can build upon established theories by refining or extending them, which enhances the robustness of their own frameworks and strengthens the academic foundation of their research.

While theory is crucial in research, challenges such as misapplication or oversimplification can arise. Researchers must critically evaluate theories to ensure they align with their specific research contexts.

• What is a theoretical framework? A theoretical framework is a structure that guides research by providing a clear understanding of the concepts and theories relevant to the study.
• Why is a literature review important? A literature review is vital as it helps identify existing theories and gaps in research, positioning the new study within the broader academic context.
• What are the different types of theories? The main types of theories include descriptive, explanatory, and predictive theories, each serving distinct roles in research.
• How can misapplication of theory affect research? Misapplication can lead to incorrect conclusions and undermine the credibility of the research findings.

Understanding Theoretical Frameworks

Theoretical frameworks are like the backbone of any research project; they provide a structured approach that helps researchers make sense of the phenomena they are studying. Imagine trying to navigate through a dense forest without a map or compass—confusing, right? That’s what research feels like without a solid theoretical framework. These frameworks not only help in articulating assumptions but also guide the entire research process, ensuring that every step taken is purposeful and aligned with established knowledge.

At their core, theoretical frameworks serve several vital functions in research. They help define the scope of the study, clarify concepts, and outline the relationships between different variables. Think of it as setting the stage for a play; without a well-defined script, the actors would be lost, and the audience would be confused. Similarly, a well-structured theoretical framework allows researchers to present their findings in a coherent manner, making it easier for others to understand and build upon their work.

Moreover, theoretical frameworks encourage critical thinking. They compel researchers to question their assumptions and consider alternative explanations for their observations. This reflective process is crucial in ensuring that the research is not only valid but also reliable. By grounding their studies in established theories, researchers can better justify their methodologies and findings, which adds credibility to their work.

In addition, theoretical frameworks can be dynamic. They can evolve as new data emerges or as researchers gain deeper insights into their subjects. This adaptability is essential in fields where knowledge is constantly expanding and changing. For instance, consider the rapid advancements in technology and their impact on social behavior; researchers must be willing to adjust their frameworks to accommodate these shifts.

In summary, understanding theoretical frameworks is fundamental for any researcher. They provide clarity, structure, and a sense of direction, making the research process more efficient and impactful. Without them, research can easily become a chaotic endeavor, lacking the rigor and depth necessary to contribute meaningfully to the academic community.

Types of Theories in Research

When embarking on a research journey, understanding the types of theories available is crucial. Each type serves a unique purpose, guiding researchers in their quest for knowledge. The three primary categories of theories in research are descriptive, explanatory, and predictive theories. Each of these theories plays a significant role in shaping the research framework and determining the direction of the study.

Descriptive theories are like the first brush strokes on a blank canvas. They provide a snapshot of the characteristics and behaviors of phenomena without diving into the "why" behind them. This type of theory is essential for laying the groundwork for further investigation. For instance, if a researcher is studying social media usage among teenagers, a descriptive theory might highlight trends in usage patterns without explaining the underlying causes. This initial understanding is vital, as it sets the stage for deeper inquiry.

On the other hand, explanatory theories step in to clarify the intricate relationships between variables. They are akin to a detective unraveling a mystery, piecing together clues to reveal causation. For example, if we consider the same study on social media, an explanatory theory might explore how factors like peer pressure or self-esteem influence teenagers' social media usage. This type of theory is crucial for developing comprehensive research questions and hypotheses, as it helps researchers understand the dynamics at play.

Finally, we have predictive theories, which are the fortune tellers of the research world. They focus on forecasting outcomes based on existing data, helping researchers make informed predictions about future events or behaviors. For instance, a predictive theory might analyze current social media trends to forecast how they will evolve over the next few years. This type of theory is particularly valuable in applied research, where stakeholders seek actionable insights to guide decision-making.

To summarize, the various types of theories in research can be visualized as building blocks, each contributing to the overall structure of a study. Understanding these theories allows researchers to choose the appropriate framework for their investigations. Below is a simple table that outlines the key characteristics of each type of theory:

In conclusion, recognizing the distinct roles of descriptive, explanatory, and predictive theories is essential for any researcher. These frameworks not only enhance the validity of research findings but also empower researchers to explore new dimensions of knowledge. As we delve deeper into our studies, let’s remember that each type of theory has its place, much like the instruments in an orchestra, working together to create a harmonious understanding of the world around us.

Descriptive Theories

Descriptive theories serve as a crucial starting point in the realm of research, offering insights into the characteristics and behaviors of various phenomena. Unlike their explanatory counterparts, which delve into the causal relationships between variables, descriptive theories focus on painting a detailed picture of what is observed. Imagine you’re an artist, and your canvas is the world of research; descriptive theories are the initial sketches that outline the shapes and forms before you add color and detail.

These theories are particularly valuable when researchers aim to understand a phenomenon in its natural state. For instance, if a researcher is interested in studying consumer behavior in a grocery store, a descriptive theory might focus on the patterns of shopping, such as the average time spent in the store or the frequency of purchases. This foundational understanding can pave the way for more complex inquiries.

Another significant aspect of descriptive theories is their role in hypothesis development. They allow researchers to identify key variables and potential relationships that warrant further investigation. By providing a clear description of the phenomena, researchers can formulate specific hypotheses that can be tested in future studies.

For example, consider the following elements that descriptive theories typically address:

• Characteristics: What are the main features of the phenomenon?
• Behaviors: How do individuals or groups interact with the phenomenon?
• Context: In what environments or situations does the phenomenon occur?

In summary, descriptive theories are not just a mere collection of observations; they are the building blocks of research that help to lay the groundwork for deeper exploration. By focusing on the “what” rather than the “why,” descriptive theories guide researchers in their quest for knowledge, enabling them to transition from mere observation to more complex analysis and interpretation. They are the lens through which researchers can view the world, leading to richer insights and more informed questions.

Explanatory Theories

Explanatory theories are like the compass guiding researchers through the complex landscape of relationships between variables. They don’t just scratch the surface; they dig deeper, aiming to unveil the underlying mechanisms that connect different elements within a study. Imagine trying to understand why certain plants thrive in specific environments; a descriptive approach might tell you what those plants are, but an explanatory theory would delve into the reasons behind their success. This deeper understanding is crucial for formulating comprehensive research questions and developing robust hypotheses.

At the heart of explanatory theories is the quest for causation. They seek to answer questions such as “Why does this happen?” and “What factors contribute to this outcome?” By doing so, they allow researchers to establish a framework that not only explains current phenomena but also predicts future occurrences. For instance, in the realm of social sciences, an explanatory theory might explore how socioeconomic status influences educational attainment. This relationship could be influenced by various factors such as access to resources, parental involvement, and community support.

To illustrate the significance of explanatory theories, consider the following key components that they often encompass:

• Variables: These are the elements that researchers manipulate or observe. An explanatory theory clearly defines the independent and dependent variables, helping to clarify their roles in the research.
• Relationships: Explanatory theories aim to elucidate how variables interact with one another. Understanding these relationships is essential for drawing meaningful conclusions from research data.
• Context: The context in which research occurs can significantly influence outcomes. Explanatory theories take into account the environmental or situational factors that may affect the relationships being studied.

One of the most significant advantages of employing explanatory theories in research is their ability to enhance the validity of findings. By providing a structured approach to understanding the causes behind observed phenomena, researchers can avoid the pitfalls of mere correlation. This is particularly important in fields like psychology and sociology, where the complexity of human behavior often requires a nuanced understanding of contributing factors.

Moreover, explanatory theories encourage researchers to engage in a dialogue with existing literature. By positioning their work within established frameworks, they can validate their findings against previous studies, contributing to a more substantial body of knowledge. This dialogue not only enriches the research but also opens avenues for future studies, inviting other scholars to explore the nuances of the relationships identified.

In conclusion, explanatory theories play a pivotal role in research by illuminating the connections between variables and fostering a deeper understanding of causation. They empower researchers to craft insightful questions and hypotheses, ultimately leading to more reliable and valid research outcomes. By embracing these theories, scholars can navigate the intricate web of relationships that define their fields, paving the way for innovative discoveries and advancements.

• What is the primary purpose of explanatory theories?
  Explanatory theories aim to clarify the relationships between variables, providing insights into causation and helping researchers formulate comprehensive research questions.
• How do explanatory theories differ from descriptive theories?
  While descriptive theories focus on identifying and describing phenomena, explanatory theories go a step further by exploring the causal relationships and underlying mechanisms.
• Can explanatory theories be applied in all research fields?
  Yes, explanatory theories can be adapted to various fields, including social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities, as they provide a structured approach to understanding complex relationships.

Predictive Theories

are like crystal balls for researchers, allowing them to forecast potential outcomes based on existing data and trends. Imagine you're trying to predict the weather; you gather data from various sources, analyze patterns, and then make an educated guess about whether it will rain tomorrow. Similarly, predictive theories help researchers make informed predictions about future events or behaviors in their respective fields. These theories are particularly vital in applied research, where the goal is not just to understand phenomena but also to anticipate what might happen next.

In the realm of social sciences, for instance, predictive theories can help in understanding consumer behavior. By analyzing past purchasing patterns, researchers can predict future buying behaviors, which is invaluable for businesses looking to tailor their marketing strategies. This predictive capability is not confined to just consumer behavior; it extends to various fields such as healthcare, education, and environmental studies. For example, predictive theories can be used to forecast the spread of diseases, assess student performance, or predict climate change impacts.

To illustrate how predictive theories function, consider the following table that outlines key components involved in the predictive modeling process:

However, it's important to note that predictive theories are not foolproof. They rely heavily on the quality and relevance of the data used. If the data is flawed or biased, the predictions will likely be inaccurate. Thus, researchers must exercise caution and continuously evaluate their models to ensure they remain valid in changing contexts.

In conclusion, predictive theories serve as a powerful tool in the researcher's arsenal, enabling them to anticipate future outcomes and make data-driven decisions. By understanding and applying these theories effectively, researchers can contribute significantly to their fields, providing insights that can lead to better strategies and solutions for real-world problems.

• What are predictive theories? Predictive theories are frameworks that allow researchers to forecast future events based on historical data and trends.
• How are predictive theories used in research? They are used to make informed predictions about future behaviors or outcomes, which can guide decision-making in various fields.
• What is the importance of data quality in predictive theories? The accuracy of predictions relies heavily on the quality and relevance of the data used; flawed data can lead to inaccurate predictions.
• Can predictive theories be applied in any field? Yes, predictive theories can be applied across various disciplines, including social sciences, healthcare, business, and environmental studies.

Importance of Theory in Research Design

The significance of theory in research design cannot be overstated. At its core, theory serves as a guiding light for researchers, illuminating the path they need to take throughout their study. When embarking on a research project, having a solid theoretical foundation is like having a well-constructed map; it helps in navigating the complex terrain of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Without this framework, researchers may find themselves lost in a sea of information, struggling to make sense of their findings.

One of the primary roles of theory is to help researchers define their variables clearly. Think of it this way: if you were to bake a cake, you would need to know the ingredients and the proportions to create something delicious. Similarly, in research, theory helps in identifying what elements are essential to the study. By understanding the theoretical underpinnings, researchers can pinpoint independent and dependent variables, ensuring that they focus on the right aspects of their investigation.

Moreover, theory aids in selecting appropriate methodologies. Just as a chef chooses cooking techniques based on the dish they want to prepare, researchers must choose their methods based on the theoretical framework they are operating within. This alignment is crucial because it ensures that the research design is not only coherent but also valid and reliable. For instance, if a researcher is exploring the impact of social media on mental health, relying on psychological theories could lead them to adopt qualitative methods like interviews or surveys that delve deeper into personal experiences.

Additionally, theory plays a vital role in developing instruments for data collection. When researchers understand the theoretical constructs they are examining, they can create tools that effectively measure those constructs. For example, if studying motivation in education, a researcher might develop a questionnaire based on established motivational theories, ensuring that the questions are relevant and targeted. This precision not only enhances the quality of the data collected but also strengthens the overall research outcomes.

In summary, theory is not just an abstract concept; it is a practical necessity in research design. It shapes the entire process—from defining variables to selecting methodologies and crafting data collection instruments. By grounding their work in established theories, researchers can enhance the credibility of their findings, making significant contributions to their fields. Ultimately, a well-structured theoretical framework transforms research from a mere collection of data into a meaningful exploration of complex phenomena.

• Why is theory important in research? Theory provides a structured approach for researchers to define their variables, select methodologies, and develop data collection instruments, ensuring the study is grounded in established knowledge.
• How does theory influence research design? Theory influences research design by guiding researchers in making informed choices about their study's approach, leading to valid and reliable results.
• Can research be conducted without a theoretical framework? While it is possible, conducting research without a theoretical framework may lead to confusion, misinterpretation of data, and a lack of coherence in findings.

The Role of Literature Review

The literature review is not just a formality; it’s a critical component of the research process that serves multiple purposes. Imagine embarking on a journey without a map—this is what conducting research without a literature review feels like. A well-conducted literature review helps researchers navigate through the vast landscape of existing knowledge, positioning their work within the broader academic discourse. By examining previous studies, researchers can identify existing theories and frameworks that are relevant to their topic, ensuring that their research is built on a solid foundation.

One of the most significant benefits of a literature review is its ability to highlight gaps in existing research. This is crucial because it allows scholars to pinpoint areas that require further investigation. By recognizing these voids, researchers can develop theoretical frameworks that not only address these gaps but also contribute new knowledge to the field. For instance, if a researcher notices that certain demographics have been overlooked in previous studies, they can target their research to fill that gap, thereby enhancing the overall understanding of the topic.

Moreover, a literature review enables researchers to build on existing theories. By refining or extending established concepts, researchers can enhance the robustness of their own frameworks. This process not only strengthens their research but also contributes to the academic community by adding depth to established theories. For example, if a researcher finds that a particular theory has been effective in one context, they might explore its applicability in another, potentially leading to new insights.

In addition to identifying gaps and building on existing theories, a literature review also helps in formulating research questions and hypotheses. By understanding what has already been studied, researchers can craft questions that are not only relevant but also innovative. This is where the magic happens—when researchers ask questions that push the boundaries of current knowledge, they pave the way for groundbreaking discoveries.

Furthermore, the literature review acts as a benchmark for the research methodology. By examining how previous studies were conducted, researchers can select appropriate methodologies and develop instruments for data collection that are grounded in established knowledge. This not only enhances the validity of the research but also ensures that findings can be compared with existing literature, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

In conclusion, the literature review is an indispensable part of the research process. It is more than just a summary of existing studies; it is a vital tool that guides researchers in their quest for knowledge. By identifying gaps, building on existing theories, formulating research questions, and informing methodology, a literature review lays the groundwork for impactful research that can advance the field.

• What is the purpose of a literature review? A literature review serves to summarize existing research, identify gaps, and position new research within the broader academic context.
• How do I conduct a literature review? Start by gathering relevant literature, summarizing key findings, and analyzing the gaps in research to inform your study.
• Why is it important to identify gaps in research? Identifying gaps allows researchers to contribute new knowledge and insights, enhancing the overall understanding of the topic.

Identifying Gaps in Research

Identifying gaps in research is like searching for hidden treasures in a vast ocean of knowledge. It requires keen observation, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of the existing literature. When researchers dive into the sea of published studies, they often find areas that have been overlooked or underexplored. These gaps can be gold mines for new research opportunities, allowing scholars to contribute fresh insights and advance their fields.

One effective way to uncover these gaps is through a comprehensive literature review. By systematically analyzing existing studies, researchers can pinpoint where questions remain unanswered or where findings are inconsistent. For example, if a particular theory has been widely accepted but has not been tested in diverse populations, this presents a significant gap that could lead to impactful research. Moreover, gaps can also arise from changes in societal norms, technological advancements, or shifts in policy, which may render previous studies outdated.

To illustrate this process, consider the following steps that can help in identifying research gaps:

• Review Recent Publications: Staying updated with the latest research helps in recognizing what has already been explored and what remains unaddressed.
• Analyze Methodologies: Different methodologies can yield various results. If certain methods have not been applied to a specific topic, it might indicate a gap.
• Engage with Experts: Discussing with peers and mentors can provide insights into overlooked areas and emerging trends.
• Reflect on Personal Experiences: Often, personal observations can highlight discrepancies in existing research, pointing towards potential gaps.

Once gaps are identified, researchers can formulate new research questions that target these areas, thereby contributing to the depth and breadth of knowledge in their field. This process not only enhances their own work but also enriches the academic community, fostering a culture of inquiry and innovation. Ultimately, addressing these gaps can lead to more robust theories and a better understanding of complex phenomena.

1. What is a research gap? A research gap is an area that has not been adequately explored or addressed in existing literature, presenting an opportunity for new research.
2. How do I identify a research gap? You can identify a research gap by conducting a thorough literature review, analyzing methodologies, and engaging with experts in the field.
3. Why is it important to address research gaps? Addressing research gaps is crucial for advancing knowledge, refining theories, and ensuring that research is relevant and applicable to current issues.

Building on Existing Theories

Building on existing theories is not just about standing on the shoulders of giants; it's about enhancing and evolving the very frameworks that have shaped our understanding of various phenomena. When researchers take the time to refine or extend established theories, they contribute to the academic conversation in a meaningful way. This process can lead to the development of new insights and perspectives that can significantly advance a field of study. Imagine a sculptor chiseling away at a block of marble, revealing a masterpiece hidden within. Similarly, researchers can uncover new dimensions of understanding by critically engaging with existing theories.

One of the primary ways researchers build on existing theories is through the identification of limitations or gaps in those theories. By recognizing where previous frameworks may fall short, scholars can propose modifications or entirely new constructs that address these deficiencies. For example, if a theory does not adequately explain a certain phenomenon or fails to account for evolving contexts, researchers can step in to fill that void. This not only validates their work but also enhances the overall robustness of the academic field.

Moreover, the process of building on existing theories often involves a deep dive into the literature. A thorough literature review allows researchers to grasp how theories have evolved over time and how they have been applied in various contexts. By synthesizing this information, they can create a coherent narrative that supports their own theoretical contributions. In this way, the past becomes a powerful tool for innovation, as each new idea builds upon the insights gained from previous research.

To illustrate this concept, consider the following table that outlines some common approaches researchers might take when building on existing theories:

In conclusion, building on existing theories is a critical element of the research process. It not only enriches the academic landscape but also fosters a culture of continuous improvement and innovation. By engaging thoughtfully with previous work, researchers can create frameworks that are more reflective of the complexities of the world around us. This is how knowledge evolves, and it is a testament to the dynamic nature of research.

• What is the importance of building on existing theories?

  Building on existing theories allows researchers to refine, extend, and improve upon previous work, leading to more robust and comprehensive frameworks in their fields.

• How can researchers identify gaps in existing theories?

  By conducting thorough literature reviews and critically analyzing previous research, scholars can pinpoint areas where existing theories may be lacking or outdated.

• What are some common approaches to building on theories?

  Common approaches include refinement, extension, integration, and critique of existing theories, each contributing to the evolution of knowledge.

Challenges in Applying Theory

While theory plays a crucial role in shaping research, it is not without its challenges. One of the most significant hurdles researchers face is the potential for misapplication. This occurs when a theoretical framework is applied inappropriately to a research context that differs from its original intent. Imagine trying to fit a square peg into a round hole; it simply doesn’t work! Researchers must ensure that the theories they choose align closely with their specific research questions and contexts.

Another challenge is the tendency to oversimplify complex theories. In the quest to make theories more digestible, researchers might strip away essential components, leading to a diluted understanding of the phenomenon being studied. This oversimplification can result in findings that lack depth and fail to capture the nuances of the subject matter. For instance, when examining human behavior, reducing it to mere statistics can overlook the intricate social, cultural, and psychological factors at play.

Furthermore, the evolving nature of research means that theories can quickly become outdated. What was once considered a solid framework may not hold up under new findings or technological advancements. Researchers must remain vigilant and open to adapting or even discarding theories that no longer fit their research landscape. This ongoing process can be daunting but is essential for maintaining the integrity and relevance of their work.

To navigate these challenges effectively, researchers can adopt several strategies:

• Critical Evaluation: Regularly assess the appropriateness of chosen theories in relation to the research context.
• Interdisciplinary Approaches: Collaborate with experts from various fields to gain diverse perspectives on theoretical applications.
• Continuous Learning: Stay updated with the latest research and theoretical developments to ensure relevance.

In conclusion, while applying theory in research presents its fair share of challenges, a thoughtful and informed approach can mitigate these issues. By critically evaluating their theoretical frameworks and remaining flexible in their application, researchers can enhance the validity and reliability of their findings, ultimately contributing to a richer understanding of the phenomena they study.

• What is the importance of theory in research?
  Theory provides a structured approach to understanding phenomena, guiding researchers in their design, data collection, and analysis.
• How do I choose the right theoretical framework?
  Consider the nature of your research question, the context of your study, and the existing literature to select an appropriate framework.
• Can theories change over time?
  Yes, theories can evolve based on new findings, technological advancements, and shifts in understanding within the research community.

Frequently Asked Questions

• What is a theoretical framework?

  A theoretical framework is a structured approach that guides researchers in understanding and analyzing phenomena. It provides a foundation for the research process, helping to articulate assumptions and direct the study effectively.

• Why are different types of theories important in research?

  Different types of theories—descriptive, explanatory, and predictive—serve distinct purposes in research. They help researchers choose the right framework for their studies, ensuring that the research is relevant and robust.

• How do descriptive theories contribute to research?

  Descriptive theories offer insights into the characteristics and behaviors of phenomena without exploring causation. They act as a springboard for further investigations and the development of hypotheses.

• What is the role of explanatory theories?

  Explanatory theories clarify the relationships between variables, providing a deeper understanding of causation. They are essential for formulating comprehensive research questions and hypotheses.

• Can predictive theories be applied in all research?

  Predictive theories are particularly useful in applied research where forecasting outcomes based on existing data is required. However, they may not be suitable for all types of research, especially those focused on exploring new phenomena.

• How does theory influence research design?

  Theory plays a crucial role in shaping research design by helping researchers define variables, select methodologies, and develop data collection instruments. This ensures that studies are grounded in established knowledge.

• What is the significance of a literature review in research?

  A thorough literature review identifies existing theories and frameworks relevant to the research topic. It situates the research within the broader academic discourse and reveals gaps that the new research can address.

• How can researchers build on existing theories?

  Researchers can refine or extend established theories, enhancing the robustness of their frameworks and contributing new knowledge to the field. This process strengthens the academic foundation of their research.

• What challenges might arise when applying theory in research?

  Challenges such as misapplication or oversimplification of theories can occur. Researchers must critically evaluate theories to ensure they align with their specific research contexts and objectives.